Tags
Caribbean Demographics, Caribbean Economy, Caribbean History, Saint Croix, Saint John, Saint Thomas, U.S Virgin Islands
Introduction
The United States Virgin Islands is a group of islands composed of Saint Thomas, Saint Croix and Saint John in the Caribbean Sea. This island trio possesses rich European-influenced histories, diverse sub districts and small, but relatively expansive, economies. Moreover, a Wikipedia web article states that Saint Thomas’s colonial and modern histories include the Ciboney group, a Danish social and economic impact, and an eventual American possession (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Similarly, another Wikipedia web article conveys that Saint Croix once housed its own native peoples, the Kalinago, and also witnessed a Danish-to-American transition (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). Additionally, Saint John followed this native-to-European-to-American pattern; however, Saint John’s history includes more African and Latin American elements than the other two islands experience (“Saint John, U.S”, 2014). Moreover, Saint Croix culturally enriches itself with distinct sub districts (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). Like its culture, Saint Croix hosts a relatively versatile economy that depends on tourism, oil and rum (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). On the other hand, Saint John leads a smaller tourism-based economy (“Saint John, U.S”, 2014). In addition, Saint John’s sub districts harbor different cultural peoples (“Saint John, U.S”, 2014). Likewise, Saint Thomas possesses seven sub districts that lay out the island’s varied cultural demographics (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). However, Saint Thomas enjoys a broader economy – than Saint John does – that encompasses highly developed infrastructure and ecotourism (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Evidently, Saint Thomas appears elaborately broad in various aspects, including history (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014).
Body
Saint Thomas: History, Economy and Sub Districts
Saint Thomas’s Ciboney people settled the island around 1500 BC and inhabited the Greater Antilles in the pre-Columbian era, which spans until European arrival and influence in the Americas, as a Wikipedia web article explains (“Ciboney”, 2014). Also, a Vinow web article states that the Caribs and Arawaks, early natives of Latin America and the Caribbean itself, replaced the Ciboney people (“St. Thomas, Virgin”). However, illness, European conflict and/or deportation killed the natives, for the Europeans imperialized the islands (“St. Thomas, Virgin”). Then, in 1672, the Danish West India and Guinea Company seized control and stimulated sugar plantations and slave trading among the other two potential U.S Virgin Islands (“St. Thomas, Virgin”). Then, native David Hamilton Jackson persuaded the Danish to sell Saint Thomas to the United States for the island’s economic benefit (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Thus, in 1917, the United States bought the three Virgin Islands for 25 million U.S dollars to channel defense over the Panama Canal during World War I (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Then, in 1927, the United States sanctioned U.S citizenship to the Saint Thomas residents, and the U.S Department of the Interior officially acknowledged ambassadorial duties in 1931 (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Eventually, in 1954, the Organic Act ratified the U.S Virgin Islands as territories and authorized local politics that reflect the United States’ two-party bureaucracy (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). Besides cultural, social and political aspects of its history, Saint Thomas bolstered, and still retains, a tourism-dependent economy.
Saint Thomas economically engages in ecotourism and has developed infrastructure for tourists and locals alike. As Saint Thomas is broad, government and private individuals both influence the island’s economy. For example, a Virgin Islands Moving Center web article explains that Saint Thomas contains government-built dams that improve and sustain the island’s water stock (“USVI Moving”). In addition to this environmental regard, the Saint Thomas’s government has reforested Saint Thomas’s land, and Virgin Island Tours provides tourists with ventures of aquatic habitats (“USVI Moving”). Furthermore, Saint Thomas possesses both an airport and a deep water port, which both exemplify the island’s tourism functionalities (“USVI Moving”). Additionally, in an interview with entrepreneur Ritesh Punjabi, owner of Saint Thomas souvenir company Paradise Gifts N Souvenirs, he implied that infrastructure affects the economy, as air traffic lures in tourists, his potential customers (Punjabi). In fact, a Cruise Critic web article indicates the island may, in a day, import up to 20,000 tourists, who may take tours to Magens Bay and tram rides to mountain tops from the ports themselves (Thompson). Moreover, airlines and water ferries transport locals and tourists between the three Virgin Islands (“USVI Moving”). Also, Saint Thomas’s infrastructure and transportation logistics include far-reaching, paved roads and organized bus schedules (“USVI Moving”). Nonetheless, many locals choose private transportation to venture through the various sub districts, which define Saint Thomas’s demographics (“USVI Moving”).
Saint Thomas has seven sub districts, Charlotte Amalie, Northside, Tutu, East End, Southside, West End and Water Island, which all outline Saint Thomas’s culture and other demographical elements, such as language and tourist interaction (“Saint Thomas, U.S”, 2014). In fact, a Wikipedia web article specifies that in Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas’s most populous area, locals commonly use some Danish words, such as “skaal” and “frickadella”, which mean “toast” and “meatballs”, respectively (“Charlotte Amalie, U.S”, 2014). Additionally, a Vinow website article denotes that many locals and tourists populate Northside, which contains a few restaurants and defines the second most-populous sub district (“Dining”). Google Maps displays that Tutu hosts Tutu Park Mall and Four Winds Plaza Shopping Center, two popular retail areas (“Tutu – Google Maps”). Moreover, East End, Southside and West End, totaling over 15,000 residents combined, boast many beaches and natural attractions, as another Vinow article illustrates (“St. Thomas Beach”). Finally, a Wikipedia articles explains that all other sub districts dwarf Water Island, an area with barely two hundred residents (“Water Island”, 2014). Nevertheless, locals and tourists popularize the tiny sub district for two main hiking attractions, Honeymoon Beach and Fort Segarra (“Water Island”, 2014). Another Wikipedia article expresses that Saint Thomas predominantly hosts many Americans and Afro-Caribbean individuals, as the island’s locals are mostly of the latter, and tourists are mostly of the former (“United States”, 2014). Nonetheless, Saint Thomas is not the only U.S Virgin Island that entails tourist-attracting and local-residing sub districts, for Saint Croix possesses nine sub districts (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014).
Saint Croix: Sub Districts, Economy and History
Saint Croix’s sub districts include Sion Farm, Southcentral and Southwest, the three most populated areas; and Anna’s Hope Village, Christiansted, East End, Frederiksted, Northcentral and Northwest, the smaller populous areas located in the northern, western and eastern regions (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). Google Maps illustrates that Sion Farm, Saint Croix’s most populous district with 13,000 individuals, geographically places itself at Saint Croix’s heart (“Sion Farm”). Moreover, a Google Images search displays that Sion Farm’s center neighbors D. Hamilton Jackson Park, an attraction that honors Saint Croix hero David Hamilton (“D. Hamilton”). In addition to this heavily populated region, a map presents that Southcentral also contains a large demographic of over 8,000 and neighbors relatively close to sea and Saint Croix’s Melvin H. Evans Highway (“Where Is”). In fact, Google Maps indicates Southwest meets this highway’s end, as Southwest places itself as Saint Croix’s westernmost sub district that includes 7,500 residents and harbors Sandy Point Wildlife Refuge, a fishing and tourist site. (“Sandy Point”). On the other hand, landlocked Anna’s Hope Village is adjacent to Sion Farm and possesses roughly 4,000 residents and many hotels, which the website Hotels Combined displays (“Search Hotels”). Similar to this small population, approximately 2,620 residents encompass Christiansted, Saint Croix’s second least populated sub district (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). Furthermore, a Wikipedia article denotes that Christiansted emanates an African-Danish influenced architectural atmosphere, for slaves and Danish colonists crafted the town’s roots (“Christiansted, United States”, 2014). However, a Friends of the St. Croix East End Marine Park web article proves that Christiansted is not the only sub district that includes a distinct background, as East End Marine Park enriches 2,600-populated East End with snorkeling and kite surfing (“St. Croix East”). Also, Northcentral’s and Northwest’s populations and locations are both similar, as both sub districts contain about 5,000 residents and place themselves at the St Croix’s western side (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). In addition to Saint Croix’s attractions, as a Vinow web article indicates, Fort Frederik and Emancipation Park ode to Danish Governor Peter Von Scholten’s slavery abolition and embody Frederiksted, Saint Croix’s third least populated sub district (“Attractions on”). In fact, Cruzan’s website illustrates that Frederiksted produces Saint Croix’s Cruzan rum, one of the island’s economic productions (“Cruzan Rum”).
Agriculture, tourism, trade, oil and rum define Saint Croix’s past and current economy. In fact, another Vinow web article explains that between 1740 and 1820, Saint Croix financially succeeded due to sugar and rum production, along with exporting these two crops and cotton and molasses (“St. Croix, Virgin”). However, Denmark’s slavery abolition retracted this economic boom (“St. Croix, Virgin”). In addition to this expiry, beet sugar, sugar cane’s colonial competitor, appeared more cost-effective (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Until modernization in the 1960s, Saint Croix gradually lost its financial prowess (“St. Croix, Virgin”). In other words, the current central economic facets, tourism, oil and rum, provided Saint Croix with economic power later (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Other factors also comprise Saint Croix’s economy; however, the aforementioned three heavily enterprise the island’s current economy. For example, St. Croix Tourism’s website proves that tourism almost always annually provides 80 percent to St Croix’s modern economy (“U.S Virgin Islands”). In fact, Saint Croix’s tourism sector is quite expansive, as GoToStCroix.com proves that tourists entertain themselves with the island’s hike adventures, resorts, parks and many water activities, such as kayaking and scuba diving (“St. Croix Water”). In addition to tourism, oil distillery also contributes to St. Thomas’s economic growth, as a Wikipedia web article articulates that HOVENSA boasts one of the world’s largest petroleum refineries and formerly positioned itself in Saint Croix (“Hovensa”, 2013). In fact, HOVENSA’s vital presence supplied oil to the U.S Gulf Coast and employed and contracted 1,200 residents and 950 agreements, respectively (“Hovensa”, 2013). Also, a Virgin Island Daily News web article proves that after HOVENSA discontinued its operations in 2012, Saint Croix’s total economic output declined by over 13 percent (“Virgin Islands Economy”). Nonetheless, Saint Croix successfully produces rum, as the island stations the Cruzan Rum Distillery (“Cruzan Rum”). In fact, Cruzan’s inception in 1760 used local sugar cane to distill the brand’s first rum style (“Cruzan Rum”). Additionally, a Liberty Street Economics article reports that rum production defines one of St. Croix’s largest manufacturing activities (“A Long Road”). Also, rum distinctively adds to Saint Croix’s history; however, the island’s history includes more than just rum.
Saint Croix’s history’s involves colonialism, European trading, economic power and the eventual formation of the United States Virgin Islands. Kalinago habitants, the native residents, attacked Christopher Columbus when he arrived on the island in November 1493 (“Saint Croix, U.S”, 2014). Furthermore, after Columbus’s arrival, Saint Croix traded between the Netherlands, Spain and a few other European nations (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Later, in 1625, the Dutch and British resided on Saint Croix until the Netherlands and Great Britain experienced political warfare, as both countries murdered each other’s governors (“St. Croix, Virgin”). In addition to this European confusion, France possessed Saint Croix in 1650 when the Spanish overthrew the St. Croix’s British rule (“St. Croix, Virgin”). In other words, while the Spanish conquered the British, Philippe de Poincy, a French representative, assigned over 150 pawns to attain the island (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Additionally, the French seized the island until Jun 13, 1733 when France sold the Virgin Islands to the Danish West Indies Company (“St. Croix, Virgin”). In fact, about a century later, Saint Croix economically succeeded with sugar, rum and slave productivity (“St. Croix, Virgin”). However, in 1916, Denmark sold the island group to the United States as per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies for 25 million U.S dollars in gold (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Then, just over a decade later, in 1927, the United States established American citizenship to the island’s residents (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Eventually, in the 1950s, tourism superseded agriculture as Saint Croix’s and its sister islands’ prime economic driver (“St. Croix, Virgin”). Similarly, like Saint Croix and Saint Thomas, Saint John boasts a tourist-driven economy with a few supporting sectors.
Saint John: Economy, History and Sub Districts
Saint John’s economy harbors tourism and other smaller industries. For example, a Wikipedia web article explains that the Virgin Islands National Park includes Trunk Bay (“Virgin Islands National”, 2013). In fact, many tourists vote this body of water as one of the most popular and beautiful beaches in the world, as the bay excites tourists with an underwater snorkeling route, a bar and some other attractive features (“Virgin Islands National”, 2013). In addition, a U.S Virgin Islands website lists other popular beaches, such as Rendezvous Bay and bird-filled Francis Bay. (“Beaches”). Another U.S Virgin Islands website article denotes other attractions, which include the equipment-geared Cinnamon Bay Watersports Shop; the forest-like Lind Point Trail; and the architecture-selling Mongoose Junction (“Attractions”). Furthermore, the same website describes that Low Key Water Sports, a tourist attraction, neighbors Cruz Bay, which docks a ferry port (“Diving”). Also, the Low Key Water Sports offers snorkeling and other water activities (“Diving”). Saint Thomas’s and Saint Croix’s economies dwarf Saint John’s; however, the three function tourist-dependent markets. Therefore, Saint John’s smaller markets depend on tourism as well. For example, American Paradise’s homepage website explains that the firm assists tourists with real estate services, which include residential and commercial properties (“Homepage”). Unlike its sister islands, Saint John’s current economy does not reflect a significant history.
Transforming from an agricultural powerhouse, Saint John carries a history that does not follow its current economic situation. A Vinow web article states that in the early 18th century, Europeans resided in Saint John (“St. John”). However, Great Britain claimed the island when the Danish conquered the island in the late 1600s (“St. John”). Thus, this initiated a series of territorial battles. In 1718, attracted by the agricultural and harboring functions, Danish planters established Denmark’s first official settlement on Saint John in Coral Bay (“St. John”). Eventually, in the late 1700s, many cotton and sugar cane plantations flooded Saint John (“St. John”). Then, domestic, indentured and slave labor cleared hills, fertilized soil and produced sugar cane (“St. John”). In fact, many slaves revolted during this century, which motivated the Danes to receive assistance from the French and Swiss (“St. John”). Furthermore, in the 1800s, the Danish established a courthouse and prison to improve African slave treatment (“St. John”). Nevertheless, in 1894, a slave revolt on Saint Croix motivated Danish Governor Scholten’s slavery abolition (“St. John”). As a result, Saint John retracted its agricultural power and continued to produce bay oil, cattle and other products (“St. John”). Eventually, though, Denmark sold Saint John – which many economists and historians believe was a tourism spurt – in 1917 to the United States (“St. John”). Thus, the island witnessed an agricultural boom – to an agricultural bust – to a tourism boom (“St. John”). Cruz Bay, one of Saint John’s four districts, contributed to this transformation.
Cruz Bay, Coral Bay, Central and East End are Saint John’s four sub districts (“Saint John, U.S”, 2014). A Wikipedia web article illustrates that, as aforementioned, Cruz Bay odes to Saint John’s tourism-dependent market, mostly due to the area’s ferries, stores and restaurants (“Cruz Bay”, 2013). In fact, Cruz Bay commercially leads Saint John, as the island’s harbor welcomes ferries from Virgin Gorda and Tortola (“Cruz Bay”, 2013). Furthermore, Cruz Bay contains other businesses and organizations, including the Virgin Islands National Park Visitor Center and the Elaine Sprauve Library, among others (“Cruz Bay”, 2013). Finally, the bay populously dominates with over 2,700 individuals (“Cruz Bay”, 2013). Moreover, a Wikipedia web article discloses that Coral Bay, the island’s third populous sub district with a population of over 600, places itself on the island’s eastern section and defines the former key commercial center, which Cruz Bay replaced (“Coral Bay”, 2013). Nonetheless, Coral Bay contains Emmaus Moravian Church and many restaurants (“Coral Bay”, 2013). The Emmaus Moravian Church, an official U.S Virgin Islands’ historic location, neighbors Caroline Estate, where a slave revolt slaughtered a plantation owner and his daughter (“Coral Bay”, 2013). In fact, many locals consider this church haunted, either by apparent experience or knowledge (“Coral Bay”, 2013). Furthermore, Coral Bay houses Island Blues and The Tourist Trap, two tourist-attracting, seafood-providing restaurants (“Coral Bay”, 2013). Also, East End, Saint John’s least populated sub district with about 50 individuals, is about 10 minutes away from Coral Bay (“Coral Bay”, 2013). In fact, East End popularly includes diving spots and donkeys (“Coral Bay”, 2013). Finally, Central, Saint John’s geographically largest sub district, includes over 750 residents (“Saint John, U.S”, 2014). Furthermore, Google Maps displays that Central houses many beaches, including Denis Bay and Salomon Bay (“Turtle Bay”). In fact, the St. John Beach Guide website shows that both Denis Bay and Salomon Bay, hiking sites with historic backgrounds, provide hiking trails and sugar plantation histories (“St John United”).
Conclusion
The United States Virgin Islands boast European colonial histories, sets of distinctive sub districts and predominantly tourist-based, but mixed, economies. However, all three islands possess more detailed similarities. For example, the European influence economically and socially altered the islands, as Saint Thomas borrows some foods and words from the Danish culture, and Denmark’s slavery abolition shrunk Saint John’s previously agriculturally-centered economy. Also, the economies themselves share the common characteristic of tourism; however, Saint Thomas and Saint Croix both economically benefit from their natural resources, as Saint Thomas utilizes ecotourism, and Saint Croix produces rum. Nevertheless, Saint Croix also bears similarity with Saint John, as both islands’ sub districts include historical sites, such as Saint Croix’s Emancipation Park and Saint John’s Emmaus Moravian Church. All in all, the United States Virgin Islands embody many economic, demographic, historic and cultural factors, including entertainment, social diversity, worldly influence and economic production, among many others.
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